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Nephrology & Renal Medicine

Calcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis

ICD-10 Code
N20.0_8

Most common metabolic kidney stone disease. Driven by supersaturation of calcium and oxalate in the urine. Predisposing factors include low urine volume, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria (dietary or enteric), and hypocitraturia. Characterized by envelope-shaped calcium oxalate dihydrate or oval monohydrate crystals.

Clinical Presentation & Protocol

Patient Usually Complains Of

Patient presents with acute onset of severe, colicky flank pain radiating to the groin, associated with hematuria, nausea, and occasional vomiting. No history of fever or chills. Symptoms consistent with obstructive uropathy secondary to suspected calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis.

Clinical Examination Findings

Patient appears in acute distress, writhing in pain. Abdomen: soft, non-distended, positive for unilateral costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness. Bowel sounds present. No signs of peritonitis or rebound tenderness.

Treatment Protocol

Initiate aggressive fluid resuscitation, analgesia with NSAIDs (e.g., ketorolac) or opioids as needed, and antiemetics. Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET) with alpha-blockers (e.g., tamsulosin) considered for stones <10mm. Surgical consultation for intractable pain, infection, or renal failure.

Detailed clinical guide coming soon.